{"id":663,"date":"2020-09-03T10:35:36","date_gmt":"2020-09-03T10:35:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apexuniversity.co.in\/LMS\/?p=663"},"modified":"2023-06-26T04:17:24","modified_gmt":"2023-06-26T04:17:24","slug":"fundamental-concepts-of-digital-electronics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lms.apexedu.org\/index.php\/2020\/09\/03\/fundamental-concepts-of-digital-electronics\/","title":{"rendered":"FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF DIGITAL ELECTRONICS"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
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\"FUNDAMENTAL
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF DIGITAL ELECTRONICS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\"\"<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
CHITRANSH MATHUR<\/strong> \r\n\r\n ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN ECE DEPT.<\/strong> \r\n\r\n Post graduate in VLSI DESIGN. Area of interests are VLSI Design, Internet of Things, Embedded Systems<\/strong> <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS:<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Digital electronics is an area of study, which deals with the digital information manipulation or the circuits which transfer them. In today\u2019s world digital information is represented by two forms: ZERO(off) and ONE(on).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Digital electronics finds variety of applications in real world:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
  1. Digital watches<\/strong><\/li>\r\n
  2. Automatic glass doors<\/strong><\/li>\r\n
  3. Digital thermometer<\/strong><\/li>\r\n
  4. Digital speed display in automobiles<\/strong><\/li>\r\n
  5. Calorie tracking devices<\/strong><\/li>\r\n
  6. LED displays at various places<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    TERMINOLOGIES:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    1.) BIT: It is the smallest unit of the data in digital electronics<\/a><\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    2.) TOTAL NUMBER OF POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS:<\/strong> The total number of combinations made using n number of bits is: 2n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    For example: If we consider a BIT as a COIN and we take 2 coins representing 2 bits and when we toss them, there are possibilities of 4 different results:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    COIN 1<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCOIN 2<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    T<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    T<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    H<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    H<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    So in total there are 4 different combinations arising. Now if we replace T with a 0 and H with a 1, then the table will look like as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    BIT 1<\/strong><\/td>\r\nBIT 2<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    0<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    0<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    1<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    1<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    So if there are 2 bits, then total combinations can be 22<\/sup>=4<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    Similarly if we have 3 bits or 3 coins and we toss them we get the following results:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    COIN 1<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCOIN 2<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCOIN 3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    T<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    T<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    T<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    T<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    H<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    H<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    H<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\nT<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    H<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\nH<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    Now if we replace T with a 0 and H with a 1, then the table will look like as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    BIT 1<\/strong><\/td>\r\nBIT 2<\/strong><\/td>\r\nBIT 3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    0<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    0<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    0<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    0<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    1<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    1<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    1<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    1<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    So if there are 3 bits, then total combinations can be 23<\/sup>=8<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    The table below shows the total number of combinations for different number of bits:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    NUMBER OF BITS<\/strong><\/td>\r\nTOTAL COMBINATIONS<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    4<\/td>\r\n16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    5<\/td>\r\n32<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    6<\/td>\r\n64<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    7<\/td>\r\n128<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    8<\/td>\r\n256<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    3.) BYTE: It is a basic unit which consists of 8 bits.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    BIT 7<\/td>\r\nBIT 6<\/td>\r\nBIT 5<\/td>\r\nBIT 4<\/td>\r\nBIT 3<\/td>\r\nBIT 2<\/td>\r\nBIT 1<\/td>\r\nBIT 0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    4.) MSB (MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT): <\/strong>The leftmost bit in any number is known as MSB.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    It is called as MSB because, the maximum change occurs in the value when we make a change at this bit. Consider a number 367:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n